Delving into the Past: The Talpur Dynasty in Historical Context
The Talpur Tribe, a significant group of the Sindhi Baloch community, predominantly resides in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. They can trace their descent back to Mir Tala Khan, and the first significant migration of the Talpurs into Sindh occurred during the invasion by Nadir Shah. Soon after their arrival in northern Sindh, they adopted the Sindhi language, rapidly forming a confederacy to counterbalance the prevailing Kalhora dynasty.
Interestingly, a period of mutual respect ensued, during which the Kalhoras invited the Talpurs to assist in disciplining the disordered Baloch tribes in Sindh. The Talpurs, primarily of Shia faith, played a crucial role in promoting Sindhi unity. This led to the establishment of the Talpur Dynasty, which ruled over Sindh, in what is now Pakistan, from 1783 until 1843.
The Talpur dynasty (Urdu: تالپور) (Sindhi: ٽالپور) gained power after their decisive victory against the Kalhora Dynasty at the Battle of Halani in 1783, which marked the inception of their reign over Sindh. Their rule, though characterized by determination and sturdiness, was ultimately overthrown by the British in the Battle of Miani in 1843, signaling the end of their reign.
The Dawn of the Talpur Era
The Battle of Halani in 1783 was a turning point when Mir Fateh Ali Khan, leading the Talpur forces, emerged victorious over the Kalhora. This victory signaled the start of the Talpur authority in Sindh. Yet Abdul Nabi Kalhora, undeterred, attempted to plot with the Kabul Court, aiming to win Taimur Shah’s support to partition Sindh. Mir Fateh Ali Khan, in response, assembled troops at Rohri, prepared to vehemently defend the unity of Sindh.
Sensing the firm resolve of Mir Fateh Ali, the Shah reluctantly conceded, accepting Mir Fateh Ali as the ruler of Sindh, subject to the payment of tribute to Kabul. In contrast to the Kalhoras’ previous subservience to the King of Afghanistan, the Talpurs achieved a peaceful compromise by agreeing to pay a tribute. Having already borne the brunt of the sharp Baluch swords, the Kabul rulers were not eager for a rematch.
During the Talpur reign in Sindh, a unique arrangement called “The Chauyari” was established. This arrangement involved the sharing of power among four brothers. In Hyderabad, Mir Fateh Ali Khan held the position of Principal Amir, while his three brothers governed together with him. In addition, Mir Thara Khan and Mir Sohrab Khan governed independently in Mirpur Khas and Khairpur, respectively.
Regrettably, some critics failed to appreciate the benefits of this system. They overlooked the wisdom in preventing conflicts among the brothers and avoiding expensive internal conflicts.
According to the respected historian Abdul Majeed Jokhia, Sindh was sectioned into seven districts: three were under the sons of Mir Sobdar, two under Mir Sohrab, one under Mir Thara Khan of Mirpur, and lastly, one under the rulership of Mir Mahmood and the sons of Mir Abdullah. The leniency displayed by the Talpurs towards their archrivals was indicative of their expected forbearance towards their brethren. On rare occasions where conflicts did arise, they prioritized reason over aggression, an approach that eventually led to Mir Fateh Ali Khan’s decision to establish the seat of rule in Hyderabad.
Hyderabad Fort
Established in the reign of Mian Ghulam Shah and under the supervision of Mir Bahram Khan in 1184–85 AH, the Hyderabad Fort marks an important time in the rule of the Talpurs. Mir Fateh Ali, a ruler known for his wisdom and justice, ushered in prosperity for the people of Sindh, who had greatly suffered during the final stages of Kalhora rule.
One of his profound achievements was the construction of a splendid palace placed in the center of a lake near Sakrand, besides founding a new city. Echoing the efforts of their ancestors, the Talpur rulers significantly enhanced the area’s irrigation system by creating multiple canals to supply water for farming. A significant project among these was the extension of the Marikh Wah under the direction of Mir Shahdad Khan. This canal began at Sakrand and stretched beyond the present-day boundaries of Rokun Burira.
The pathway of this substantial canal is still observable today. Moreover, Mir Shahdad Khan was the founder of Shahdadpur, and his son went on to establish Shahpur Chakar. Pursuing the family tradition, subsequent generations dug minor canals stemming from the main one, effectively improving the region’s irrigation system.
The Glorious Reign of the First Chauyari
Misconceptions and misrepresentations often overshadow the rich history of the Talpurs, a formidable dynasty in Sindh. This account aims to offer an accurate and impartial depiction of their rule, delving into their political prowess, diplomatic undertakings, and conflicts with the British Empire.
Mir Fateh Ali Khan and the Succession of Power
Mir Fateh Ali Khan, a revered ruler, governed the lands of Sindh until his passing in 1801. Upon his death, the mantle of Principal Amir was bestowed upon his brother, Mir Ghulam Ali Khan. Though Mir Ghulam Ali sought to continue his brother’s legacy, a dispute arose between him and Mir Thara Khan of Mirpur, threatening the unity of the Talpur dynasty. Fearing internal strife and disintegration, Mir Ghulam Ali turned to his uncle, Mir Mahmood Khan, for support.
Mir Mahmood Khan, the only surviving son of Mir Bahram Khan, endured the tragic loss of his elder brothers, Mir Bijar Khan and Mir Sobdar Khan, at the hands of the Kalhoras. Despite his tender age at the time of the assassinations, Mir Mahmood Khan displayed remarkable military skill when he was entrusted with leading the Hyderabad forces against Mir Thara Khan. By strategically dividing his troops and launching attacks from different directions, Mir Mahmood Khan successfully forced Mir Thara Khan’s forces to abandon their entrenched position near Wangi in 1803.
The ensuing battle saw a fierce clash, resulting in the deaths of 414 Baluchs on both sides. Detailed accounts of this battle can be found in the works of Azeemudeen, Thatvi, and Abdul Majeed Jokhia. Though injured, Mir Thara Khan was treated with respect and brought under the care of Mir Mahmood Khan, ensuring his recovery and subsequent return to rule Mirpur. Mir Sahib demonstrated great wisdom and diplomatic skills, effectively defusing a situation that had the potential to become explosive. It is important to highlight that Mir Thara Khan’s connections with Mir Ghulam Ali and their shared familial lineage played a role in his honorable comeback to Mirpur.
The Reign of Mir Ghulam Ali Khan and British Intrigues
Following the passing of Mir Ghulam Ali in 1811, his rule was equally illustrious as that of Mir Fateh Ali’s. Both Mir Fateh Ali Khan and Mir Ghulam Ali Khan rest in peace at Khudabad, near Hala. Mir Karam Ali Khan succeeded as the Principal Amir, becoming the torchbearer of Talpur leadership.
In that period, the British Empire set its sights on the wealth and strategic position of Sindh, driven by a desire to expand its influence. As British rule had already been firmly established in most of India and the “Great Game” was in progress, the British commenced forging agreements with the Talpurs. It is worth noting that Mir Ghulam Ali had already entered into treaties with the British, laying the groundwork for future interactions.
Health and Harmony Through Diplomacy
When the youngest of all brothers, Mir Murad Ali, fell gravely ill, Mir Karam Ali Khan sought assistance from the Bombay Governor. Dr. James Burnes, a capable doctor, arrived and successfully treated Mir Murad Ali. Dr. Burnes’s book “A Visit to the Court of Sinde” provides valuable insights into the state of the Talpur Court in 1827. In his writings, he dispels misconceptions about the Talpurs and their rule, highlighting the splendor of their Court and the meticulously maintained decorum.
Mir Mahmood Khan, known for his captivating appearance and refined attire, received praise in Dr. Burnes’s account. Additionally, Mir Karam Ali Khan’s poetic skills earned him recognition, even from the Iranians, with his “Diwan e Karam” being hailed for its exceptional quality. Mir Karam Ali Khan breathed his last in 1828, leaving a void in Talpur leadership. Mir Murad Ali assumed the role of the last ruler of the first “Chauyari,” guided by the advice of his sons and nephews.
The Rising Tide of British Influence
The year 1832 witnessed the signing of a new agreement between the Talpurs and the British, marking the gradual encroachment of British influence in the region. The Talpurs sought to navigate this shifting landscape, but the death of Mir Sahib, a poet and a just ruler, in 1833 brought the first Chauyari to a close.
This momentous chapter marks the end of an era and sets the stage for the next phase of Talpur history, which is defined by complex interactions with the British Empire. The lasting impact of the Talpur dynasty, known for their wisdom, military prowess, and cultural contributions, remains captivating in the annals of history.
(Note 1: In 1351 AD, the city of Khudabad was founded by a Sindhi Swarankar named Khudabadi on an empty land.)
(Note 2: It is worth exploring the works of Azeemudeen, Thatvi, and Abdul Majeed Jokhia for detailed accounts of specific events during this period.)
The Second Chauyari
The Reign of Mir Noor Mohammad Khan
After his father’s death, Mir Noor Mohammad Khan took over as the leader of the Talpurs in the second Chauyari. He followed the teachings of his respected uncles and father and successfully upheld the Chauyari style of governance. Working together with his brother Mir Mohammad Naseer Khan and cousins Mir Sobdar Khan and Mir Muhammad Khan on the ruling Council, Mir Noor Mohammad ruled with impartiality and righteousness. It’s worth mentioning that even though the Talpurs held varying views among themselves, they actively pursued peaceful resolutions and compromises to address their rightful requests.
The British Intrusion
During this period, the British Empire steadily exploited the discontent among the Talpurs, utilizing a series of treaties solely designed to advance their own interests. While some historians falsely portray the Talpur era as a time of internal strife and incompetence, careful examination reveals a different reality. The Talpurs ensured that dissent was not met with violence, as no Talpur or Baloch individual was executed for expressing their opinions. When examining this era, it is crucial to steer clear of bias and favoritism. While recognizing the existence of disagreements and shortcomings, it is important to emphasize the remarkable level of tolerance exhibited by the individuals involved.
Mir Noor Mohammad’s Demise and the Rise of Mir Mohammad Naseer Khan
The rule of Mir Noor Mohammad Khan tragically came to an end with his death in 1841. This passing marked a turning point as Mir Mohammad Naseer Khan assumed leadership amidst escalating tensions. Simultaneously, Sir Charles Napier was dispatched to Sindh with the prime objective of annexing it to the British Empire. The differing perspectives and grievances among the Talpurs resurfaced, creating internal divisions that hindered a unified response against British aggression.
British Exploitation and Baloch Resistance
The British Empire consistently prioritized their own interests, disregarding assurances given to the Talpurs. In 1838, a treaty heavily favoring the British was imposed upon Sindh, further worsening relations. As the demands of the British intensified, resistance grew, particularly from Mir Naseer Khan, who grappled with unjust demands, including territorial concessions and replacements within the ruling council. This period is lucidly described in Eastwick’s work, “A Glance at Sindh Before Napier.”
Provocations and the Battle of Miani
Sir Charles Napier, seeking to provoke the Balochs, intensified his incursions towards Hyderabad. These provocations culminated in the confiscation of Mir Rustam’s possessions in December 1842, exacerbating tensions between the Balochs and the British. The Balochs, understanding that appeasement was futile, decided to meet force with force. On February 5th, 1843, Major Outram’s post near Kotri was attacked, marking the first act of resistance against the British. Subsequently, the Balochs assembled at Miani, ready to confront the British in a decisive showdown.
The Talpurs’ reign was marked by resilience and a commitment to justice, despite the challenges posed by the British Empire. Understanding the historical context and acknowledging the complexities of this era allows us to appreciate the Talpurs’ struggle against intrusive forces and their determination to defend their land and people.
The Battle of Miani
On February 17, a battle unfolded at Miani between the Talpur forces and the English. This intense encounter showcased the unwavering valor and bravery of the Baloch fighters. Notably, Mir Jan Mohammad Talpur fearlessly spearheaded a charge into the English camp, specifically targeting Outram. Remarkably, Outram narrowly escaped the attack by swiftly dismounting his horse. Presently, Miani serves as the final resting place for Mir Jan Mohammad, honoring his memory.
Amidst the fierce combat, a Baloch warrior found himself unable to reach his adversary with his sword. In a truly remarkable display of sacrifice, he deliberately impaled himself on a bayonet gripped by a British soldier, resulting in the simultaneous demise of both individuals. The British forces reported 62 fatalities and 194 wounded on their side, whereas it is believed that the Balochs suffered casualties six times greater. Ultimately, the Balochs were compelled to retreat, underscoring the reality that triumph in battle rarely hinges solely on bravery. On February 17, 1843, the British emerged as the victors; their success was due to meticulous planning and strategic acumen.
Had the Battle of Miani resulted in a different outcome, the course of history for the subcontinent might have been forever altered. However, the Talpurs failed to realize that the British would never honor the agreements they made. The following day, Mir Naseer Khan surrendered to Charles Napier. He, along with others, were arrested and sent into exile to Calcutta and various locations in India. The Talpur houses were looted, not sparing even the women. Finally, the English had gained control over Sindh.
Despite the British’s devious tactics and cunning acts, it was through sheer military might that they were able to establish and solidify their illegitimate rule in Sindh. They sowed discord among the population and suppressed any symbols of resistance.
The Battle of Dubbo: A Turning Point in Sindh’s History
Before delving into the battle of Dubbo, it is essential to bear in mind the historical context of the early 19th century in the region of Sindh. This period was marked by a momentous power struggle between the indigenous rulers and the mighty British Empire. In the midst of this turbulence, divergent strategies were adopted by the rulers of Khairpur and Mirpur Khas in their dealings with British dominion. Mir Ali Murad of Khairpur chose a cooperative stance, aligning himself with the British, while Mir Sher Muhammad Khan of Mirpur Khas embraced a more aggressive and confrontational approach. The Battle of Dubbo, also referred to as the Battle of Hyderabad, emerged as a pivotal event that would profoundly influence the destiny of Sindh.
Mir Ali Murad’s Cooperative Approach
Mir Ali Murad, ruler of Khairpur, believed in ruling under British guidance rather than engaging in direct military confrontations. Consequently, he chose to abstain from contributing troops to the Battle of Miami, thereby leaving the battlefield uncontested by Khairpur forces. Moreover, Mir Rustam Khan, who shared power with Mir Ali Murad, found himself marginalized by the latter’s decisions and influence.
Mir Sher Muhammad Khan’s Aggressive Stance
In stark contrast to Mir Ali Murad, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan, the Mir of Mirpur Khas, advocated for a joint effort with the British, utilizing full force to challenge their dominance. Unfortunately, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan was not timely informed about the Battle of Miani. Upon receiving news of the battle, he swiftly withdrew his forces from Mirpur Khas to join Mir Naseer Khan’s troops. However, their participation was obstructed due to the abrupt initiation of the battle in Miani.
The Battle of Dubbo
On March 24, 1843, the decisive Battle of Dubbo unfolded. Charles James Napier, leading the British forces, advanced towards the Dubbo area to engage approximately 20,000 troops and Baloch troops under the command of Mir Sher Muhammad Khan, widely known as the “Sher-i-Sindh” or the Lion of Sindh.
Despite being significantly outnumbered, Charles Napier, commanding a force of merely 3,000 men with artillery support, launched a calculated assault on Mir Sher Muhammad Khan’s forces. This strategic maneuver resulted in the depletion of the latter’s ammunition stocks, rendering them defenseless against their well-prepared enemy. Hosh Muhammad, famously known as Hoshu Sheedi, advised Mir Sher Muhammad Khan to tactically retreat, regroup his troops, and prepare for future battles, acknowledging the inevitable loss of their current engagement. Hoshu inspired Mir Sher Muhammad Khan to persevere in the struggle for the liberation of their motherland in the days to come.
The Tragic Outcome
Following Hoshu’s wise counsel, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan made the difficult decision to withdraw from the battlefield, leaving Hoshu and others to face the enemy’s relentless onslaught. Despite Hoshu’s extraordinary bravery and tenacious fighting spirit, the lack of modern weaponry hindered their efforts to counter Napier’s well-equipped forces. Tragically, Hoshu and many others fell in battle. Charles Napier emerged victorious, consolidating his control over Sindh.
Mir Sher Muhammad Khan’s Resilience
Undeterred by the defeat, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan continued his endeavors to gather forces and engage in subsequent smaller battles. However, the mounting challenges compelled him to retreat first to Afghanistan and later to Lahore, marking the end of his pursuit to liberate Sindh from British occupation.
The Battle of Dubbo, a pivotal event in Sindh’s history, reflected contrasting approaches adopted by the local rulers towards British rule. Mir Ali Murad of Khairpur chose a cooperative approach, while Mir Sher Muhammad Khan of Mirpur Khas favored a more aggressive stance. Although the battle ended in a decisive British victory, the spirit of resistance persevered. Mir Sher Muhammad Khan’s unwavering determination instilled hope and laid the groundwork for future struggles against colonial rule. The echoing legacy of this battle remains a testament to the indomitable spirit of the people of Sindh.
The Miraculous Preservation of Talpurs’ Books and Artifacts
The enduring survival of the Talpurs’ invaluable books and artifacts throughout history is a remarkable miracle. Despite the loss of prominent figures like Mir Naseer Khan during the tumultuous era of exile, the unwavering determination of their sons led them back to the cherished land of Sindh. The Talpurs remained a constant source of unease for the English colonial power, showcasing their indomitable spirit and influence. Although the restoration of their precious possessions came with stringent conditions, it holds immense significance as it recognizes the historical and cultural value embedded within the Talpurs’ collection. These preserved books and artifacts serve as poignant reminders of a bygone era, offering invaluable insights into the rich heritage of the Talpur dynasty.
Talpurs and the Jagirs Misconception
In stark contrast to prevailing misconceptions, it is imperative to set the historical record straight regarding the Talpurs and their alleged grant of Jagirs (estates) by the English. As diligent examination reveals, the truth unveils a different narrative altogether. The Talpur family, holders of esteemed Sanads as concrete evidence, did not receive Jagirs from the English. Instead, what transpired was the restoration of their original lands, tracing them back to their rightful ownership. It is important to emphasize that these lands were not acquired by the Talpurs through any form of dispossession. On the contrary, these territories were previously undeveloped, lying dormant until the Talpurs, driven by their visionary spirit, undertook the arduous task of cultivation. Through their determined efforts, they constructed intricate networks of canals and waterways, breathing life into the once barren landscapes. Such endeavors stand as a testament to the Talpurs’ dedication to progress and development, as they transformed these lands into flourishing domains of prosperity and growth.
Talpur Family during the British Rule Era
Following the subjugation of British rule, the Talpur family experienced a sudden and drastic change in circumstances. Once esteemed rulers, they now faced persecution at the hands of Charles Napier, who approached his duties with vindictiveness and malice. The male members of the ruling family were imprisoned, while the women were left to fend for themselves. Their households were plundered and stripped of valuables. The captured Mirs, including Mir Sobdar, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, and Mir Mohamad Naseer, the final ruler of Hyderabad, Sindh, were sent to Calcutta and other parts of India, where many of them perished. This marked a period of immense trials and tribulations for the entire Talpur family, yet they weathered it with fortitude and dignity, enhancing their stature.
Their survival can be attributed to their deep roots among the people of Sindh, whom they had diligently served. Despite the British regime’s efforts to undermine their influence, the family’s legacy endured. While they could no longer wield the collective influence they once possessed, various branches of the family retained sway in their respective regions. Their social impact on the people remained intact, as they continued to play a vital role in fostering unity. The Talpur family symbolized the values and aspirations cherished by the people, compelling the British to return the estates to their rightful owners. Even in their decline, the Talpurs maintained their patronage of the arts and literature.
Adversity did not dim the family’s brilliance or strength of character. Those who had been imprisoned endured harsh conditions, unfamiliar to their accustomed lifestyle, yet they bore this hardship with remarkable dignity. Mir Mohammad Naseer Khan’s son, Mir Abbas Ali Khan, formed a matrimonial alliance with an English lady. Their progeny included Mir Abdul Hussain Khan Sangi, one of Sindh’s greatest poets, whose personal handwritten “Deewan” remains preserved within the Talpur family’s possession. Mir Mohammad Hassan Ali, too, was a poet of considerable stature. The works of these two poets continue to be included in educational institutions’ textbooks across Sindh. Mir Sobdar Khan, the son of Mir Fateh Ali Khan (the first ruler of Sindh), was also a poet, known for his compositions such as “Judai Nama” and “Odes of Separation.” Fragments from his works can be observed at one of the sites maintained by the Talpur family. Tragically, he passed away during his exile in 1263 A.H.
The Talpur family not only preserved their status but also expanded their influence by actively participating in the social and political affairs of the region. They never bowed down completely to the demands of the British, garnering the respect and admiration of the masses. This played a significant role in their political ascendancy, even after the loss of their rule.
The Four Major Branches of the Talpur Dynasty
In British colonial times, the Talpur dynasty of Sindh was comprised of four prominent branches: the Shahdadani, Khanani, Mankani, and Shahwani. These branches held significant importance in the eyes of the British rulers. The Shahdadani branch, residing predominantly in Hyderabad, consisted of the Ruling Family, along with the Mahmoodanis and the Bijaranis. The Khanani branch was situated in and around Tando Jam, while the Mankanis resided in the region of Mirpurkhas. The Shahwanis made their home in the district of Tando Mohammad Khan.
All of these branches held the prestigious rank of Jagirdars, and their estates were duly restored by the British. In addition to the four major branches, the Talpurs of Tando Bago and Tando Ghulam Ali also held Jagirdar status. It is worth noting that while the ruling family was re-granted certain benefits and agricultural land, they did not receive the full extent of their Jagirs. Instead, they were only given back the land they had traditionally cultivated for their livelihoods prior to assuming power over Sindh. It is speculated that the British intended to limit their influence by withholding the complete restoration of their estates.
The heads of these four major branches were formally invited to attend the Darbars and other special events hosted by the British Raj. It is important to mention that the British authorities deliberately sought to dissuade the Talpur family from involvement in anti-colonial political movements. To achieve this, a clause was added to the re-grants of Jagirs in 1861, prohibiting such engagements.
The Mankani Talpurs of Mirpur Khas
The Mankani Talpurs of Mirpurkhas played a pivotal role during the era of the Talpur Dynasty’s rule in the southeastern region of Sindh. These rulers were direct descendants of Mir Manak Khan, and they rose to power after the fall of the Kalhora Dynasty. One of the notable figures of this dynasty was Mir Thara Khan, also known as Mir Tharo, who established his capital at Keti Mir Tharo. However, it was his son, Mir Ali Murad Khan, who made the decisive move to relocate the capital to the newly founded city of Mirpur Khas in 1806.
Upon assuming leadership of the State of Mirpur Khas, Mir Ali Murad Khan received the support and blessings of his elder brother, Mir Ghulam Haider Khan. Known for his dedication to justice and fairness, Mir Ali Murad Khan’s reign brought about a period of prosperity for the region.
Following the reign of Mir Ali Murad Khan, the State of Mirpur Khas was led by Mir Sher Muhammad Khan, who gained widespread acclaim as “Sher-e-Sindh” (The Lion of Sindh) for his bravery on the battlefield. His valiant resistance against the forces of Charles Napier is a topic of discussion in other historical texts.
The Mankani Talpurs left a lasting legacy in the history of Sindh with their establishment of the State of Mirpur Khas in the late 18th century. Their rule was defined by wise governance, the administration of justice, and a commitment to the development of the region.
The Sohrabani Talpurs of North Sindh
The ascent of the Sohrabani Talpurs marked a significant and extraordinary era in the records of Sindh’s past, after the decline of the Kalhoras. Under the guidance of their visionary leader, Mir Sohrab Khan, this dynastic rule not only saw the establishment of a new state, but also brought about noteworthy changes in the region.
Mir Sohrab Khan: A Founding Father
Mir Sohrab Khan, an esteemed and prominent figure in the chronicles of Sindh’s history, skillfully established his dominion in the northern region of Sindh following the decline of the Kalhoras. Through his sagacious leadership and strategic acumen, he laid the groundwork for what would eventually become the prosperous Sohrabani State.
Mir Rustum Khan: The Successor
Following Mir Sohrab Khan’s reign, his successor, Mir Rustum Khan, assumed the mantle of leadership and continued the trajectory set forth by his predecessor.
Mir Ali Murad Khan
With the annexation of Hyderabad by the British East India Company, the state of Khairpur came under the control of Mir Ali Murad, presenting him with a new set of challenges and opportunities. Through astute maneuvering and the formation of strategic alliances, Mir Ali Murad Sohrabani not only upheld his authority but also garnered the support and favor of the British forces. This symbiotic relationship, emerging in the wake of the events of February and March 1843, paved the way for the princely state of Khairpur to prosper and flourish under the watchful gaze of the British East India Company.
Latest Research on the Foundation of Talpur Power in Sindh
In a recent study conducted by Dr. N.A. Baluch, a prominent historian, scholar, and former Vice-Chancellor of Sindh University, it has been proven that the claims made by biased historians against the Talpurs are unfounded and malicious. Dr. Baluch presented his findings during the Pakistan History Conference Golden Jubilee Session held in Karachi in October 2001.
Through the use of authentic documents, Dr. Baluch established that the Talpurs held significant influence as landholders even before the Kalhoras came to power. Contrary to the portrayal by British historians, the Talpurs were not unrefined peasants. One document from 1116 A.H. (1704 A.D.) refers to Mir Shahdad Khan as “Riffat Panah,” meaning His Eminence.
Furthermore, Dr. Baluch demonstrates that Mir Shahdad Khan was the founder of Shahdadpur between 1125 A.H. and 1128 A.H. (1713-1715 A.D.). The document reveals that Mir Shahdad Khan not only cultivated barren lands but also ensured the security of the region by eliminating dacoits (robbers). He implemented fair practices for the sharing of produce between landowners and tillers. Mir Shahdad Khan also undertook extensive renovation and expansion of old canals and waterways. Additionally, he supervised the construction of new canals, ultimately leading to the establishment of Shahdadpur.
Dr. Baluch further elaborated on Mir Shahdad Khan’s prestige and popularity, stating that in the 4th year of King Muhammad Farrukh Siyar’s reign (1128 A.H.), he was granted a significant area of land from Dung to Kotte Ratta. The document suggests that Shahdad Khan possessed the ability to mobilize a large number of tillers and farmers to cultivate additional areas. This grant was intended for the cultivation of unsettled lands (Ghair jama’ee) extending from Dung to Ratto Kotte, possibly located north of Pingharo, in present-day Sakrand Taluka, where the locality of Dung remains well-known.
However, Mir Shahdad had his own terms for accepting the land grant from the government for reclaiming uncultivated areas. He involved the tillers as co-sharers in the income generated from the newly cultivated lands. The agreement stipulated that the tillers would be co-sharers, with a guarantee that there would be no changes to these terms and conditions.
This study showcases Mir Shahdad Khan’s innate leadership qualities and his deep concern for the well-being of the people. He was described as just, sagacious, and forward-thinking. The Talpurs played a crucial role in bringing prosperity to Sindh, primarily through the containment of lawlessness and the development of new agricultural lands. Today, the Talpurs can rightfully take pride in their distinguished ancestor, Mir Shahdad Khan Talpur. Without his contributions, the Talpur rule in Sindh may not have been possible.
The Shahdadani Talpurs derive their name from Mir Shahdad Khan Talpur, the illustrious son of Mir Hotak Khan Talpur. They migrated from Dera Ghazi Khan and made Sindh their home, serving their new homeland with distinction, honor, and valor.
Mir Shahdad Khan: The Architect of Prosperity and Legacy in Sindh
Mir Shahdad Khan played a pivotal role in the rise of the Kalhoras as the rulers of Sindh. In the year 1117 AH or 1705 AD, he was granted land by the governor of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. However, even before this grant, Mir Shahdad Khan was an influential landowner. He founded the town of Shahdadpur, which soon became a prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and education. Mir Shahdad Khan passed away in 1147 AH or 1734 AD and was laid to rest at Quba Shahdad near Shahpur Chakar.
Three of his four sons also achieved prominence. His eldest son, Jam Nindo, met his demise in Mashad, Iran. Mir Chakar, another son of Mir Shahdad Khan, found his final resting place at Quba Shahdad. Mir Chakar Khan was the father of Mir Sohrab Khan, who established the Talpur dynasty in Khairpur, where the remaining members of the family are buried.
Mir Bahram Khan, the youngest son of Mir Shahdad Khan, rose to prominence as a military commander, chief advisor, and ally of the Kalhoras. Despite interference from Afghan forces, Mir Bahram Khan assisted in strengthening the Kalhoras’ power in Sindh. Unfortunately, his loyalty was met with betrayal, as he and his son, Mir Sobdar Khan, were assassinated in 1774 AD/1188AH on the orders of Mian Sarfaraz Khan Kalhora. Both father and son were laid to rest at Khudabad near Hala. Mir Bijar Khan Talpur, another son of Mir Bahram Khan, was also assassinated in 1781 AD/1196AH at the behest of Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhora.
Talpurs Enduring Legacy
After Mir Shahdad Khan’s passing, the Talpurs relocated to Khudabad, offering a safe haven to the Kalhoras during times of turmoil. Khudabad served as the de facto capital until Mir Fateh Ali Khan moved it to Hyderabad in 1783 AD/1197AH, assuming power. The Talpurs’ affection for Khudabad remained evident as Mir Fateh Ali, Mir Ghulam Ali, and Mir Murad Ali were all interred there. Mir Fateh Ali Khan also oversaw the restoration of the tombs at Quba Shahdad during his reign. Mosques can be found at both Quba Shahdad and Khudabad. These burial sites hold the remains of Talpur ladies and other individuals from that era. Some tombs feature intricately engraved stones displaying exceptional craftsmanship on the inside.
Mir Karam Ali Khan was buried near Hyderabad, now known as Hirabad, with his tomb constructed in 1812 AD/1277AH. Mir Noor Mohamad, Mir Nasir Khan (the last ruler of Sindh), Mir Shahdad, Mir Ghulam Shah, and Mir Fazal Ali of the Bijarani branch of the Shahdadanis are also laid to rest here. Numerous tombs in this area contain the remains of Talpur ladies and others associated with the Talpurs. Unfortunately, aggressive encroachment has occurred in and around the site. People have constructed houses near the tombs, even on areas that previously held graves. Disrespectful dumping of garbage occurs, showing a lack of regard for the deceased and the historical significance of these sites.
The tombs at all three locations serve as exceptional examples of Islamic architecture in the region. Mir Shahdad Khan, Mir Bahram Khan, Mir Bijar Khan, and Mir Sobdar Khan’s tombs exhibit simple yet elegant designs, with engraved stones and umbrella-like structures. The domes of Mir Bahram Khan and Mir Sobdar Khan’s graves have collapsed and require urgent repair. The mosques at Quba Shahdad and Khudabad feature beautiful motifs on their domes and walls that necessitate expert restoration. The domes of the tombs in Hyderabad also showcase excellent motifs. The high-quality glazed tiles used in Khudabad and Hyderabad boast exceptional designs. The provided pictures aptly illustrate the current state of these historical sites and serve to raise awareness about their neglected condition. It is essential that any restoration work be carried out by experts, as ill-equipped individuals may inadvertently cause further harm.
The tombs of other Mirs, such as Mir Fateh Ali Khan, are housed in a mausoleum and display more elaborate structures. The mosque at Quba Shahdad, built by Jam Nindo’s son, has unfortunately fallen into disrepair. Mir Fateh Ali Khan constructed the mosque at Khudabad in 1799 AD/1214AH. All of these tombs are in desperate need of repair, else they risk being lost forever. The Department of Archaeology has provided little to no maintenance, resulting in engraved stones being stolen and the encroachment of burial grounds. The tombs in Khudabad are also deteriorating.
Visitors to these sites often deface the walls by writing on them or even carving their names, causing irreparable damage. Implementing Visitor’s Books could discourage such behavior.
The Mahmoodani section possesses a humble graveyard located on Ganjo Takar, now situated in an industrial area. It appears that the Mahmoodani lineage lacks elaborate tombs, likely due to the simplicity of Mir Mahmood Khan, who held a significant position in the Talpur court. Mir Mahmood Khan’s position stemmed not only from being the sole surviving paternal uncle of the Amirs of the First Chauyari but also due to his wisdom and influence among the Balochs.
A combination of natural elements and human activities has contributed to the destruction of these architectural masterpieces. Negligence from both the Auqaf Department and the Department of Archaeology extends beyond the Tombs of the Talpurs, as other historical sites suffer a similar fate. The Hyderabad Fort, constructed by Ghulam Shah Kalhora before his death in 1186AH, has been extensively encroached upon, with residential houses mingling with the fort’s ramparts. This encroachment weakens the fort’s structure, making it prone to collapse. Instances of collapse have already occurred.
It is our hope that the Government recognizes its responsibilities and devises a comprehensive plan to ensure the proper care and maintenance of all historical sites in the province of Sindh. These sites are not solely the legacy of the Talpurs but belong to all individuals.